27
as an unmistakably Jewish work produced between A.D. 75 and 125. (OTP, I, 874-875).
7. OTP, I, 510.
8. OTP, I, 515.
9. OTP, I, 540-541.
10. OTP, II, 348.
11. OTP, II, 347.
12. For a thorough study of both Jewish and Christian Tours of Hell from 1 Enoch to the
Medieval period, and the relationships between them, see Martha Himmelfarb, Tours of Hell: an
Apocalyptic Form in Jewish and Christian Literature (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983).
13. In his "Introduction to 2 Enoch," F.I. Anderson, OTP, I, 91, 94-97, suggested a late
first century A.D. date, but in his discussion he considered its date to be unknown, although
probably very early in its original form. He classified it as a Jewish work produced in the
Christian era.
14. OTP, I, 118.
15. Ibid., 166. Fudge, 1994, 91, considered this language in 2 Enoch to be ambiguous,
perhaps referring to the irremediable effect of the burning. Nevertheless, references to endless
pain, torture, and torment are more plausibly understood as conscious everlasting punishment.
16. In his "Introduction to the Greek Apocalypse of Ezra," M.E. Stone identified it as a
Christian composition in its present form, produced between 150 and 805 (OTP, I, 562-563). The
range of possible dates for both his work and the Vision of Ezra covers parts of both the early
church and medieval periods. Somewhat arbitrarily, I have chosen to cover it here.
17. OTP, I, 575.
18. In their Introduction to the Vision of Ezra, J.R. Mueller and G.A. Robbins identified
this Vision as a Christian document to be dated between 350 and 600 (OTP, I, 581, 583).
19. OTP, I, 587-590.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., 596 (date unknown).
22. C. Detlef G. Muller, "Introduction to the Apocalypse of Peter," New Testament
Apocrypha, revised edition of a collection initiated by Edgar Hennecke, edited by Wilhelm
Schneemelcher, English translation edited by R. Mc L. Wilson (2 volumes; Louisville, Kentucky:
Westminister/John Knox, 1991, 1992), II, 622, hereafter NTA.
23. Richard Bauckham, "Early Jewish Visions of Hell," Journal of Theological Studies,
41, 1990, 385, noted that this transformation of a Tour of Hell into a prophecy of the sufferings
of the damned is unique.
24. Alan E. Bernstein, The Formation of Hell: Death and Resurrection in this Ancient
and Early Christian World. (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1993), 283, 287.
25. NTA, II, 628-631.
26. Ibid., II, 323.
27. Ibid., II, 362-363.
28. Bernstein, 1993, 292. In their "Introduction to the Apocalypse of Paul," Hugo
Duensing and Aurelio de Santos Otero, NTA, II, 713, suggested a late fourth century to early fifth
century date.